夸克、轻子和规范场 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

依据通行的观点，物质的基本彻块是夸克与轻子，它们通过杨-米尔斯规范场的媒介相互作用(在这种场合下引力被忽略了)。这就意味着相互作用的形式是完全由某些内部对称群的代数结构所决定的。于是强相互作用是与SU(3)群相关联的，它是由叫做量子色动力学的规范场理论所描述的。而电一弱相互作用则是与SU(2)XU(1)群相关联的，现在它是由标准的温伯格-萨拉姆模型来描述的。本书简明地介绍了在这些思想背后的动力，以及由此而来的严谨的数学系统表述。

PREFACE

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Particles and Interactions

1.2 Gauge Theories of Interactions

1.3 Notations and Conventions

Ⅱ.QUARKS

2.1 Internal Symmetries

1 Isospin

2 The gauge groups

3 More general internal symmetries: SU(n)

4 Unitary symmetry

2.2 Representation of SU(3)

1 The basic representation

2 Young's tableaux

3 Irreducible representations

2.3 The Quark Model

1 Quarks as basic triplets

2 Quarks as building blocks

3 Weight diagrams

4 The composition of hadrons

2.4 Color

1 Independent quark model

2 Color SU(3) group

2.5 Electromagnetic and Weak Probes

1 Electromagnetic interactions

2 Parton model

3 Evidence for color

4 Weak interactions

2.6 Charm

1 The charmed quark

2 The J/φ and its family

3 Correspondence between quarks and leptons

Ⅲ.MAXWELL FIELD: U(I) GAUGE THEORY

3.1 Global and Local Gauge Invariance

3.2 Spontaneous Breaking of Global Gauge Invariance: Goldstone Mode

3.3 Spontaneous Breaking of Local Gauge Invariance: Higgs Mode

3.4 Classical Finite-Energy Solutions

3.5 Magnetic Flux Quantization

3.6 Soliton Solutions: Vortex Lines

Ⅳ. YANG-MILLS FIELDS: NON-ABELIAN GAUGE THEORIES

4.1 Introductory Note

4.2 Lie Groups

1 Structure constants

2 Matrix representations

3 Topological properties

4 General remarks

4.3 The Yang-Mills Constructions

1 Global gauge invariance

2 Local gauge invariance

4.4 Properties of Yang-Milis Fields

1 Electric and magnetic fields

2 Dual tensor

3 Path representation of the gauge group

4.5 Canonical Formalism

1 Equations of motion

2 Hamiltonian

4.6 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

1 The little group

2 Higgs mechanism

Ⅴ.TOPOLOGICAL SOLITONS

5.1 Solitons

5.2 The Instanton

1 Topological charge

2 Explicit solution

5.3 The Monopole

1 Topological stability

2 Flux quantization

3 Boundary conditions

4 Explicit solution

5 Physical fields

6 Spin from isospin

Ⅵ.WEINBERG-SALAM MODEL

6.1 The Matter Fields

6.2 The Gauge Fields

1 Gauging SU(2)×U(1)

2 Determination of constants

3 Interactions

6.3 The General Theory

1 Mass terms

2 Cabibbo angle

3 Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix

4 Solitons

Ⅶ.METHOD OF PATH INTEGRALS

7.1 Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

7.2 Quantum Field Theory

7.3 External Sources

7.4 Euclidean 4-Space

7.5 Calculation of Path Integrals

7.6 The Feynman .Propagator

7.7 Feynman Graphs

7.8 Boson Loops and Fermion Loops

7.9 Fermion Fields

Ⅷ.QUANTIZATION OF GAUGE FIELDS

8.1 Canonical Quantization

1 Free Maxwell field

2 Pure Yang-Mills fields

8.2 Path Integral Method in Hamiltonian Form

8.3 Feynman Path Integral: Fadeev-Popov Method

8.4 Free Maxwell Field

1 Lorentz gauge

2 Coulomb gauge

3 Temporal and axial gauges

8.5 Pure Yang-Mills Fields

I Axial gauge

2 Lorentz gauge: Fadeev-Popov ghosts

8.6 The 0-World and the Instanton

1 Discovering the 0-world

2 lnstanton as tunneling solution

3 The 0-action

8.7 Gribov Ambiguity

8.8 Projection Operator for Gauss' Law

Ⅸ.RENORMALIZATION

9.1 Charge Renormalization

9.2 Perturbative Renormalization in Quantum Electredynamics

9.3 The Renormalization Group

1 Scale transformations

2 Scaling form

3 Fixed points

4 Callan-Symanzik equation

9.4 Scalar Fields

1 Renormalizability

2 Φ4 theory

3 "Triviality" and the Landau ghost

9.5 The Physics of Renormalization

1 Renormalization-group transformation

2 Real-space renormalization

3 Fixed points and relevancy

4 Renormalization and universality

Appendix to Chapter 9. Renormalization of QED

1 Vertex

2 Electron Propagator

3 Photon Propagator

4 Scaling Properties

5 Renormalization

6 Gauge Invariance and the Photon Mass

Ⅹ.METHOD OF EFFECTIVE POTENTIAL

10.1 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

10.2 The Effective Action

10.3 The Effective Potential

10.4 The Loop Expansion

10.5 One-Loop Effective Potential

10.6 Renormalization

1 General scheme

2 Massive case

3 Massless case

10.7 Dimensional Transmutation

10.8 A Non-Relativistic Example

10.9 Application to Weinberg-Salam Model

Ⅺ. THE AXIAL ANOMALY

11.1 Origin of the Axial Anomaly

11.2 The Triangle Graph

11.3 Anomalous Divergence of the Chiral Current

11.4 Physical Explanation of the Axial Anomaly

11.5 Cancellation of Anomalies

11.6 't Hooft's Principle

Ⅻ. QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

12.1 General Properties

1 Lagrangian density

2 Feynman rules

3 Quark-gluon interactions

4 Gluon self-interactions

12.2 The Color Gyromagnetic Ratio

12.3 Asymptotic Freedom

1 The running coupling constant

2 The vacuum as magnetic medium

3 The Nielsen-Hughes formula

12.4 The Pion as Goldstone Boson

1 The low-energy domain

2 Chiral symmetry: an idealized limit

3 PCAC

4 The decay π0→2y

5 Extension to pion octet

12.5 The U(1) Puzzle

12.6 θ-Worlds in QCD

1 Euclidean action

2 The axial anomaly and the index theorem

3 Chiral limit: Collapse of the 0-worlds

4 Quark mass matrix

5 Strong CP violation

ⅩⅢ. LATTICE GAUGE THEORY

13.1 Wilson's Lattice Action

13.2 Transfer Matrix

13.3 Lattice Hamiltonian

13.4 Lattice Fermions

13.5 Wilson Loop and Confinement

13.6 Continuum Limit

13.7 Monte Carlo Methods

ⅩⅣ. QUARK CONFINEMENT

14.1 Wilson Criterion and Electric Confmement

14.2 String Model of Hadrons

14.3 Superconductivity: Magnetic Confinement

1 Experimental manifestation

2 Theory

3 Mechanism for monopole confinement

14.4 Electric and Magnetic Order Parameters

14.5 Scenario for Quark Confinement

Appendix to Chapter 14.Symmetry and Confinement

1 Quark Propagator

2 Center Symmetry

3 Confinement as Symmetry

INDEX

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